EXAMINING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS AS A PREDICTOR OF SUBSTANCE USE AMONG SUBSTANCE USERS

Authors

  • Ayesha Shad Scholar, Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan. Author
  • Hina Iqbal Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan. Author
  • Zainab Tariq Senior Lecturer, Women Institute of Learning Abbottabad., Pakistan. Author
  • Sadiqa Bibi Assistant Professor, Women Institute of Learning Abbottabad., Pakistan. Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr876

Keywords:

Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Substance use, Substance users

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine depression, anxiety and stress as factors that leads to substance-use. The sample of study (n=200) was drawn through the Purposive Sampling Technique from different drug rehabilitation center in Peshawar. The main age-range of participants was between 20-40 years (M =2.38, SD =1.13). The instruments included Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale and the Drug Abuse Screening test. The descriptive statistics correlation, stepwise regression and one way ANOVA were used. The results showed that high frequency of substance-use was between the age 20-25 years. The analysis of stepwise regression revealed that anxiety is the strong predictor of substance-use (p<.001) among depression, anxiety and stress. While one way ANOVA revealed that high frequency of substance use was found in unmarried and divorced than the married participants. The findings conclude that to prevent individuals from substance use it is suggested to indulging them into the mindful activities which helps them to reduce anxiety.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004

Arnsten, A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature reviews neuroscience, 10(6), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648

Aurora Denial, O. D. (2020). Students Increasingly Affected by Anxiety, Depression. Optometric Education, 45(2).

Azad, A. H., Khan, S. A., Ali, I., Ghani, U., Fatima, H., Wazir, P., & Umar, S. A. (2024). Exploring the lived experiences of individuals with substance use disorder in Pakistan: A qualitative study on impacts, causes, treatment challenges, and social status. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 36(3), 578-585.

Birhanu, A. M., Bisetegn, T. A., & Woldeyohannes, S. M. (2014). High prevalence of substance use and associated factors among high school adolescents in Woreta Town, Northwest Ethiopia: multi-domain factor analysis. BMC public health, 14(1), 1186.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1186

Birhanu, A. M., Bisetegn, T. A., & Woldeyohannes, S. M. (2014). High prevalence of substance use and associated factors among high school adolescents in Woreta Town, Northwest Ethiopia: multi-domain factor analysis. BMC public health, 14, 1186. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1186

Blair, S., & Menasco, M. A. (2016). Gender differences in substance use across marital statuses. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2016.05.01

Blakemore, S.-J. (2019). Adolescence and mental health. The Lancet, 393(10185), 2030–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31013-X

Britton, P. C. (2004). The relation of coping strategies to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences in a college sample. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350310001613062

De Menezes Galvão, A. C., Almeida, R. N., de Sousa, G. M., Jr, Leocadio-Miguel, M. A., Palhano-Fontes, F., de Araujo, D. B., Lobão-Soares, B., Maia-de-Oliveira, J. P., Nunes, E. A., Hallak, J. E. C., Schuch, F. B., Sarris, J., & Galvão-Coelho, N. L. (2021). Pathophysiology of Major Depression by Clinical Stages. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 641779. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641779

Degenhardt, L., Stockings, E., Patton, G., Hall, W. D., & Lynskey, M. (2016). The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(3), 251-264.

Levine, S. (2005). Developmental determinants of sensitivity and resistance to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10)939946.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.03.013

Marmorstein, N. R., White, H. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2009). Anxiety as a predictor of age at first use of substances and progression to substance use problems among boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9360-y

McEwen B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiological reviews, 87(3), 873–904. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006

McEwen, B. S., & Akil, H. (2020). Revisiting the stress concept: Implications for Affective Disorders. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0733-19.2019

McHugh, C. M., Chun Lee, R. S., Hermens, D. F., Corderoy, A., Large, M., & Hickie, I. B. (2019). Impulsivity in the self-harm and suicidal behavior of young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research, 116, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.012

McHugh, R. K., Sugarman, D. E., Meyer, L., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Greenfield, S. F. (2020). The relationship between perceived stress and depression in substance use disorder treatment. Drug and alcohol dependence, 207, 107819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107819

Medenblik, A. M., Garner, A. R., Basting, E. J., Sullivan, J. A., Jensen, M. C., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2024). Examining trauma, anxiety, and depression as predictors of dropout from residential treatment for substance use disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 80(8), 1767-1779.https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23692.

Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of anxiety disorders, 25(3), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010

Pozzi, G., Frustaci, A., Tedeschi, D., Solaroli, S., Grandinetti, P., Di Nicola, M., & Janiri, L. (2015). Coping strategies in a sample of anxiety patients: factorial analysis and associations with psychopathology. Brain and behavior, 5(8), e00351. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.351

Rivas-Acuña, V., García-Barjau, H., Cruz-León, A., Morales-Ramón, F., Enríquez-Martínez, R. M., & Román-Alvarez, J. (2011). Prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Salud en tabasco, 17(1-2), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.31157/archneurosciencesmex.v26i01.203

Sinha R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1441.030

Storch, E. A., & McKay, D. (2013). Handbook of treating variants and complications in anxiety disorders. Journal of Medicine & Psychology, 6, 413. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7

Xi, Y. (2020). Anxiety: a concept analysis. Frontiers of Nursing, 7(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-

Zhang, M. (2024). Stress. In S. K. Lee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Health Psychology (pp. 1–3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6000-2_1033-1

Downloads

Published

2026-03-25

Issue

Section

Health Sciences

Categories

How to Cite

EXAMINING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS AS A PREDICTOR OF SUBSTANCE USE AMONG SUBSTANCE USERS. (2026). Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(03), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.71146/kjmr876